CN-121621080-B - Full-cultivation-layer fertilizer spreading method and device based on corn straw deep-ploughing returning

CN121621080BCN 121621080 BCN121621080 BCN 121621080BCN-121621080-B

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of soil fertility cultivation, and discloses a full-cultivation-layer fertilizer application method and device based on deep turning and returning of corn straw, wherein the full-cultivation-layer fertilizer application method comprises the steps of deep turning and returning to construct a full cultivation layer, and comprises the steps of crushing corn straw, and uniformly scattering the crushed corn straw in the field; the livestock manure is thrown, namely the livestock manure is selected and evenly thrown in the field; deep turning operation, namely, no upturned soil is realized, the upturned soil rate and the upturned soil rate are lower, the ground surface is leveled after the upturned soil is buried, and the soil preparation operation, namely, the soil leveling is performed after the soil raking operation is finished, and the soil is crushed in the soil raking process. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer applying method based on corn straw deep-ploughing returning can combine multiple technologies of straw crushing full-quantity returning, organic fertilizer applying, deep-ploughing soil preparation, fertilizer decrement deep application and the like, and can apply less fertilizer and effectively enhance land fertility. Meanwhile, the fertility equipment can dig out the corn root systems before and after harvesting, collect root system separated soil, return the cut root systems to the field, and solve the problem that the corn root systems are not easy to treat.

Inventors

CAI HONGGUANG
LIU SONGTAO
ZHANG SHUIMEI
LI MINGYI
ZHANG CHANG
LIANG YAO
CHENG SONG
LI XIAOLIN
LIU JIANZHAO
YUAN JINGCHAO
FAN WEI
YAN JINYAO

Assignees

吉林省农业科学院(中国农业科技东北创新中心)

Dates

Publication Date: 20260505
Application Date: 20260202

Claims (9)

1. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer device based on deep turning and returning of corn straw is characterized by comprising a cutter assembly, a collecting assembly and a floating press roll assembly which are sequentially arranged from front to back in the traction direction, wherein the cutter assembly comprises a transverse transmission shaft, a plurality of cutter seats are arranged on the transmission shaft, and a cutting edge is arranged on each cutter seat; The tail ends of the cutting edges on the two adjacent tool holders are bent towards the same area, and the cutting edges on the two adjacent tool holders are arranged at staggered angles; the cutter holders are also provided with plough blades, the plough blades are used for enabling the corn root system to be extruded out of the ground together with the soil, the cutting blades and the main blade parts of the plough blades extend back to back, the tail ends of the cutting blades and the plough blades are bent at the same side, and the cutting blades and the tail ends of the plough blades on two adjacent cutter holders are bent towards the same area; the number of the plow blades is 2-3, the lengths of the main body blade parts of the plow blades are different, and the cutting blades and the plow blades on the two tool holders are in a group.
2. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer apparatus based on corn stalk deep turning field of claim 1, wherein the collecting assembly is a floating collecting assembly, the floating collecting assembly comprises a plurality of screening shovel arranged side by side at intervals, and the front end of the screening shovel sinks and faces to the cutter assembly; the tail part of the sieve shovel is connected with the supporting beam through a hinged connection structure; the lower part of the sieve shovel is connected with a supporting wheel used for contacting the ground through a rod piece.
3. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer apparatus based on corn stalk deep turning field of claim 2, wherein flexible connecting materials for making up gaps are arranged between adjacent sieve shovels.
4. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer device based on corn stalk deep turning and returning as claimed in claim 2, wherein the number of the sieve spades is 2N, a horizontally arranged sleeve is arranged below the N sieve spades, a barrel spring is arranged in the sleeve, and two ends of the barrel spring pull two adjacent flexible connecting materials.
5. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer method based on corn straw deep-ploughing and returning is characterized by comprising the steps of constructing a full cultivation layer by deep-ploughing and returning, wherein the full cultivation-layer fertilizer device based on corn straw deep-ploughing and returning is used according to any one of claims 1-4 and comprises the following steps of Crushing corn straw, namely uniformly scattering the crushed corn straw in the field; the livestock manure is thrown, namely the livestock manure is selected and evenly thrown in the field; Deep turning operation, namely performing deep turning operation, wherein the deep turning operation is free of upturned soil, the upturned soil rate and the upturned soil rate are low, and the earth surface is flat after the upturned soil is buried; and (3) soil preparation, namely, raking, namely, leveling the ground after raking is completed, and crushing soil in the raking process.
6. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer applying method based on corn stalk deep turning field of claim 5, wherein in the livestock manure spreading process, livestock manure is selected locally according to actual conditions, the organic manure is conveyed to the field by using an organic manure spreading machine to be uniformly spread, the spreading uniformity coefficient is less than or equal to 30%, and the application amount of the livestock manure is 30m < 3 >/hm < 2 > -45 m < 3 >/hm < 2 > according to land level and organic manure nutrient content.
7. The full-cultivation layer fertilizer method based on corn stalk deep turning field of claim 5, wherein in the soil preparation operation, one of three machines of disc heavy harrow, combined soil preparation or power harrow is selected for soil preparation operation; When the heavy harrow is used for harrowing, the harrow depth is 16-18 cm, the harrow is not leaked, the harrow is not dragged to pile, the soil is finely crushed, and the surface flatness after the harrow reaches a waiting state; when the combined soil preparation machine is adopted, various operations such as tillage, raking, soil crushing, leveling, compacting and the like are completed at one time; when the power-driven harrow is adopted, the working depth can be changed by adjusting the angle of the harrow string, and the operations of soil crushing, leveling and heavy compaction can be finished at one time, so that soil moisture loss and wind erosion are prevented; after the soil preparation operation, a planting mode of flat planting or ridge planting, such as ridge planting, is adopted, and ridge forming is suggested to be completed in autumn, so that the soil reaches a state to be sowed.
8. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer method based on corn stalk deep-ploughing returning of claim 5, which is characterized in that after the full cultivation layer is constructed by deep-ploughing returning, the fertilizer application amount is determined according to the soil fertility grade and the target yield; Compared with the dosage of the conventional local fertilizer, the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 10% -13%, the dosage of the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer is reduced by 15% -18%, all the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied at one time as base fertilizers, the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer is applied in a base dressing ratio of 4:6 in a divided manner, or the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and the controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer are applied at one time as base fertilizers according to a ratio of 1:1, the base fertilizers are applied to soil layers of 10-12 cm in combination with mechanical sowing, and the topdressing is applied to soil layers of 15-20 cm in combination with intertillage.
9. The full-cultivation-layer fertilizer method based on corn stalk deep turning and returning to field of claim 5, which is characterized by further comprising the following matching technology: Reasonably close planting, namely selecting a medium-late maturing variety with a compact plant type or a semi-compact plant type, determining sowing density according to the soil force level and the target yield, and carrying out mechanical fertilization and sowing operation once after the soil temperature at 5cm of the soil passes 8 ℃ in spring in the next year, and carrying out seedling zone heavy compaction in time after sowing; Chemical weeding, namely selecting pre-emergence or post-emergence weeding according to the rainfall in the season, if the rainfall is smaller, selecting atrazine type suspension concentrates and acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate to perform pre-emergence closed weeding, and if the rainfall is abundant, selecting nicosulfuron, bract, broadleaf holly and the like to perform mixed spraying after emergence; The pest control comprises the steps of scientifically monitoring and early warning pest occurrence conditions, combining variety resistance and regional pest occurrence characteristics, selecting high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticides, and timely and accurately applying the pesticides; Harvesting in good time, namely mechanically harvesting 7-15 days after the physiological maturity of the corn, and harvesting in good time when the moisture content of the seeds is 20% -25%.

Description

Full-cultivation-layer fertilizer spreading method and device based on corn straw deep-ploughing returning Technical Field The invention belongs to the technical field of soil fertility cultivation, and particularly relates to a full-cultivation-layer fertilizer application method and device based on deep turning and returning of corn stalks. Background The core of the farmland cultivation is to increase soil organic matters, and the straw is an important resource for increasing the soil organic matters. The scientific returning technology of the straws not only promotes the smooth implementation of returning the straws to the fields, but also is an important measure and key way for improving the soil fertility and the soil structure and ensuring the high-efficiency and continuous output of the land. In the prior art, the soil fertility cultivation generally adopts single technologies such as organic fertilizer application and straw returning, and multiple technologies such as full straw crushing and returning, organic fertilizer application, deep ploughing and soil preparation, fertilizer decrement deep application and the like are combined, and due to more fertilizer application, multiple factors need to be considered such as reasonable close planting in the later stage, disease and insect pest and the like. Disclosure of Invention In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a full-cultivation-layer fertilizer-applying method and device based on deep-ploughing and returning of corn straws, and the method and device are combined with the multi-aspects of straw crushing and full-quantity returning, organic fertilizer application, deep-ploughing and soil preparation, fertilizer decrement deep-application, optimized integration and reasonable close planting, disease, pest control and the like, and are beneficial to integral management of corn field cultivated lands. In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: in the first technical scheme, the full-cultivation layer fertilization method based on deep turning and returning of corn straw comprises the steps of deep turning and returning to construct a full-cultivation layer, including Crushing corn straw, namely uniformly scattering the crushed corn straw in the field; the livestock manure is thrown, namely the livestock manure is selected and evenly thrown in the field; Deep turning operation, namely performing deep turning operation, wherein the deep turning operation is free of upturned soil, the upturned soil rate and the upturned soil rate are low, and the earth surface is flat after the upturned soil is buried; and (3) soil preparation, namely, raking, namely, leveling the ground after raking is completed, and crushing soil in the raking process. In the first technical scheme, as preferable, in the livestock manure spreading process, livestock manure is selected on site according to actual conditions, and the organic fertilizer is conveyed to the field by using an organic fertilizer spreading machine to be spread evenly, wherein the spreading uniformity coefficient is less than or equal to 30%. And (3) measuring and calculating the application amount of the livestock manure according to the soil force grade and the nutrient content of the organic fertilizer, wherein the application amount is 30m < 3 >/hm < 2 > -45 m < 3 >/hm < 2 >. In the first technical scheme, as an preference, in the soil preparation operation, one of three machines of disc heavy harrow, combined soil preparation or power harrow is selected for soil preparation operation; when the heavy harrow is adopted for harrowing, the harrow depth is 16-18 cm, the harrow is not leaked, the heap is not dragged, the soil is finely crushed, and the surface flatness after harrowing reaches a waiting state. If the surface flatness is poor after the operation, the soil is slightly raked once before sowing in spring, and the raking depth is 10 cm; when the combined soil preparation machine is adopted, the operations of tillage, raking, soil crushing, leveling and compacting are completed at one time; When the power-driven harrow is adopted, the working depth is changed by adjusting the angle of the harrow string, and the operations of soil crushing, leveling and heavy compaction are finished at one time, so that soil moisture loss and wind erosion are prevented; After the soil preparation operation, adopting a planting mode of flat planting or ridge planting, such as ridge planting, ridging is completed in autumn, so that the soil reaches a state to be sowed. In the first technical scheme, as preferable, after the deep-ploughing returning construction of the full-tillage layer is completed, determining the fertilizing amount according to the soil fertility grade and the target yield; Compared with the dosage of the conventional local fertilizer, the dosage of the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 10% -13%, the dosage of the phosphorus fertilizer