CN-121977396-A - Super-large-caliber vertical shaft blasting temporary face construction and full-section differential blasting construction method

Abstract

The invention discloses a super-large caliber shaft blasting empty face construction and full-section differential blasting construction method, and belongs to the technical field of shaft blasting excavation. The method comprises the steps of constructing large-diameter guide holes in advance through a rotary drilling rig, accurately forming annular blasting empty faces, solving the construction problem of the empty faces of the ultra-large-caliber vertical shafts, adopting a scientific hole distribution scheme of wide hole pitch and small resistance lines, matching with a digital electronic detonator differential detonating technology, combining with single-section precise control of explosive loading, and realizing blasting vibration optimization and full-section efficient blasting. The invention effectively solves the technical problems of low blasting energy utilization rate, uneven rock crushing, excessive blasting vibration, severe ultra-undermining and the like of the traditional ultra-large caliber vertical shaft, obviously improves the safety, the precision and the construction efficiency of blasting excavation of the vertical shaft, reduces the influence of blasting on surrounding rocks and the environment, ensures that the excavation quality meets the design requirement, and is suitable for the ultra-large caliber vertical shaft blasting excavation engineering under various surrounding rock conditions.

Inventors

• WANG TENGFEI
• GAO MINGXUE
• YANG YUSEN
• WANG BIN
• Lei Yadi
• Jiang Lelong
• NING LI
• XU WEILONG
• LI XIANZHONG
• ZHANG PENGFEI
• WANG WENJING
• XU LIZHOU
• LI YONGPING
• WANG DA
• LI GUOSHENG
• WANG BINGLEI
• WANG MEI
• Cao Duojian
• DONG PENGZHONG
• ZHANG ZHAO
• ZHANG LANQI

Assignees

• 中科华圣(北京)岩土工程有限公司

Dates

Publication Date

20260505

Application Date

20260123

Claims (6)

1. 1. The construction method is characterized in that a core forms an annular blasting blank by constructing large-diameter guide holes in advance through a rotary drilling rig, adopts a hole distribution scheme of wide hole pitch and small resistance line, matches with digital electronic detonator differential detonation and controls single-section explosive loading to optimize blasting vibration, and completes full-section blasting operation according to the flow, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: S1, preparing a construction early stage, namely cleaning, leveling and tamping an implementation site, overhauling construction machinery such as a rotary drilling rig, a gas leg drill, digital electronic detonator detonating equipment and the like, ensuring normal operation of the construction machinery, perfecting an air supply, water supply, power supply and blasting warning system, carrying out detailed geological investigation on a shaft excavation area, finding out surrounding rock types, geological structures and rock physical mechanical parameters, compiling blasting design files, and carrying out approval by a supervisor, and finishing blasting tests according to regulations to calibrate the parameters; S2, constructing a large-diameter guide hole, namely pre-drilling the large-diameter guide hole in the central area of the vertical shaft by adopting a rotary drilling machine, wherein the diameter of the guide hole is 1.2-2.5m according to the excavation diameter of the vertical shaft, the verticality deviation of the guide hole is not more than 1%, and the guide hole penetrates through the whole excavation depth of the vertical shaft to form an annular blasting empty face, so that a reasonable free face is provided for subsequent blasting operation; S3, measuring lofting and hole arrangement, namely accurately lofting blast hole positions on a face excavated by a vertical shaft by using a total station, and making striking marks, wherein the deviation of the hole positions is not more than 5cm, strictly adopting a hole arrangement scheme of wide hole distance and small resistance line, controlling the hole row distance ratio to be 2.2-3.5, arranging the blast holes according to the layers of peripheral holes, auxiliary holes and cut holes, and covering the whole excavated section; S4, drilling, namely adopting an air leg drill partition, positioning and drilling by a person, strictly controlling Kong Xiang, hole depth and hole position precision, ensuring that the parallelism of each blast hole meets the design requirement, and ensuring that the deviation of the hole depth is not more than 50mm; s5, arranging a charging and detonating network, namely manually charging according to a designed charging structure, wherein the peripheral holes adopt smooth blasting intervals to charge in an uncoupled manner, and the auxiliary holes and the cut holes adopt continuous uncoupled charging; s6, controlling single-section explosive loading and implementing blasting, namely accurately controlling the single-section explosive loading according to a blasting vibration calculation formula and geological parameters, ensuring that the blasting vibration speed is controlled to be 2.0-2.5cm/S, evacuating operators and equipment to a safe area beyond 200m, setting blasting warning, sending blasting signals according to regulations, and starting an exploder to implement full-section differential blasting; S7, post-blasting treatment and circulation operation, namely, ventilation and smoke discharge are carried out for not less than 2 hours after blasting is finished, dangerous stones on the working surface are cleaned, blind shots are cleaned and treated side by side, a bottom guide well is matched with a loader and a dump truck to carry out slag discharge, the blasting effect and vibration data are monitored and analyzed, hole distribution parameters, detonation time difference and single-section explosive loading are optimized and adjusted, the steps 3-7 are repeated, and full-section excavation of a vertical shaft is completed according to preset circulation footage.
2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the rotary drilling machine is selected from mountain river-330 type or same-level large torque equipment, the steel casing is buried in the guide hole during construction, the casing is made of steel plates with the thickness of 10-14mm, the inner diameter is 20-30cm larger than the diameter of the guide hole, the buried ground is not less than 30cm higher than the ground, the hole collapse at the upper opening of the guide hole is prevented, no additional protection wall is needed in the drilling process, and one-step forming is performed.
3. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, 200 to 300 blastholes are arranged per cycle for an ultra-large caliber shaft with a diameter of 10 to 15m, the blastholes are detonated in 6 to 8 segments, the peripheral hole spacing is controlled to be 40 to 60cm, and the auxiliary hole spacing is set to be 2.5 to 3 times of the resistance line.
4. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step 5, the explosive is phi 32mm 3# rock emulsion explosive, the bottom plate hole and the water seepage blast hole are the same type water resistant explosive, wood and bamboo sticks are used for charging, and metal sticks are strictly forbidden, so that safety accidents are avoided.
5. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the blast vibration calculation formula in step S6 is: ; the values of K and alpha are selected according to the types of surrounding rocks, wherein the hard rock K=50-150 and alpha=1.3-1.5, the medium hard rock K=150-250 and alpha=1.5-1.8, and the soft rock K=250-350 and alpha=1.8-2.0, and under the normal working condition, the parameters are estimated by taking 200K and 1.65 alpha.
6. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preset cyclic depth in step S7 is 2.5-3.5m, the half porosity of the smooth blasting after each cycle is not less than 80%, and the flatness deviation of the surface of the excavated section is not more than 15cm.

Description

Super-large-caliber vertical shaft blasting temporary face construction and full-section differential blasting construction method Technical Field The invention relates to the technical field of shaft blasting excavation, in particular to a super-large-caliber shaft blasting empty face construction and full-section differential blasting construction method. Background In various large engineering constructions, the ultra-large caliber vertical shaft (the diameter is more than or equal to 8 m) is used as a key structure and is widely applied to the scenes of ventilation, drainage, transportation and the like. The vertical shaft has deep excavation depth, large section size and complex geological conditions, and blasting excavation is used as a core process and faces a plurality of technical bottlenecks. In traditional construction, the temporary face is constructed by adopting a small-diameter drilling or layering slitting mode, so that the problems of insufficient free face and low blasting energy utilization rate exist, uneven rock crushing and serious super-undermining phenomenon are caused, and the subsequent trimming workload is greatly increased. Meanwhile, the traditional blasting mostly adopts common detonators for detonation, so that accurate sectional detonation is difficult to realize, blasting vibration is easy to superpose and exceeds standard, adverse effects are caused on surrounding rock stability and surrounding structures, the hole arrangement scheme mostly adopts equal hole row spacing, the blasting requirement of an ultra-large caliber section cannot be adapted, and the problems of poor blasting effect and low construction efficiency are further aggravated. In addition, the single-section explosive loading quantity control lacks scientific basis, surrounding rock collapse is easily caused by overlarge explosive loading quantity, or blasting is insufficient due to overlarge explosive loading quantity, so that the safety and the economical efficiency of blasting excavation of the oversized-caliber vertical shaft are restricted. Therefore, a construction method capable of scientifically constructing a blasting free surface, optimizing blasting parameters and accurately controlling blasting vibration is urgently needed, the pain point in the prior art is solved, and efficient and safe blasting excavation of the ultra-large-caliber vertical shaft is realized. Disclosure of Invention The invention aims to provide a construction method for blasting empty face of an ultra-large caliber vertical shaft and full-section differential blasting. In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: The core of the method is that a rotary drilling rig is used for constructing large-diameter guide holes in advance to form an annular blasting blank face, a hole arrangement scheme of 'wide hole distance + small resistance line' is adopted, a digital electronic detonator is matched for differential detonation and single-section explosive loading is controlled to optimize blasting vibration, and the full-section blasting operation is completed according to the flow, and the specific steps are as follows: 1. Early preparation of construction The construction site is comprehensively cleaned, leveled and tamped, the passing and working space of equipment such as a rotary drilling rig, a pneumatic leg drill, a transport vehicle and the like is guaranteed, construction machines such as the rotary drilling rig, the YT-28 pneumatic leg drill, a digital electronic detonator exploder, a ventilator and the like are overhauled one by one, ageing parts are replaced, equipment parameters are debugged, and full-load stable operation of the equipment is guaranteed. The power supply system adopts a double-loop design to avoid the influence of power failure, synchronously builds a blasting warning network, and clearly defines a warning range, warning points and a communication mode. Carrying out detailed geological investigation on a shaft excavation area, finding out surrounding rock types (hard rock, medium hard rock and soft rock), geological structures (crack development condition and soft interlayer distribution), collecting physical mechanical parameters such as rock compressive strength and wave speed, and the like, compiling a blasting design file according to the physical mechanical parameters, covering contents such as guide hole parameters, hole distribution schemes, charging structures, detonation networks, single-section charge calculation, safety measures and the like, and selecting a representative area to complete a blasting test after submitting a supervision person to pass approval, and calibrating the blasting parameters to adapt to actual geological conditions. 2. Construction of large diameter guide hole And a mountain river-330 type or a same-level large-torque rotary drilling rig is selected, the rotary drilling rig is accurately positioned in the cent