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CN-122028601-A - Solar cell, preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device

CN122028601ACN 122028601 ACN122028601 ACN 122028601ACN-122028601-A

Abstract

The application relates to a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, an electric device and a power generation device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer and a second electrode, wherein the first hole transport layer and the perovskite layer are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode in a layer-by-layer mode, the first hole transport layer is arranged between the first electrode and the perovskite layer, the first hole transport layer comprises sodium element, a first area close to the perovskite layer and a second area close to the first electrode exist in the first hole transport layer, the first area is arranged between the first surface and the second area, and the first material of the sodium element of the first area is larger than the first material of the sodium element of the second area. The solar cell has good photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Inventors

  • LIN XIANGLING
  • LIN ZUCHAO
  • SU SHUOJIAN
  • WU TIANLONG
  • LIANG JIANGHU

Assignees

  • 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司

Dates

Publication Date
20260512
Application Date
20260123

Claims (20)

  1. 1. A solar cell comprising a first electrode, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a second electrode, wherein the first hole transport layer and the perovskite layer are arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode, and the first hole transport layer is arranged between the first electrode and the perovskite layer; The first hole transport layer includes a sodium element; The first hole transport layer is provided with a first surface and a second surface which are opposite in the thickness direction, the first surface faces the perovskite layer, the second surface faces the first electrode, a first region with the thickness of 1-3 nm exists in a region extending from the first surface towards the inside of the first hole transport layer in the thickness direction, and a second region with the thickness of 1-3 nm exists in a region extending from the second surface towards the inside of the first hole transport layer in the thickness direction, and the first region is positioned between the first surface and the second region; The ratio of the amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer to the total amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer is defined as the ratio of the amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer to the first amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer.
  2. 2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the average molar volume concentration of the sodium element of the first hole transport layer is 0.0001mmol/cm 3 ~0.002mmol/cm 3 , optionally 0.0001mmol/cm 3 ~0.001mmol/cm 3 .
  3. 3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that one or more of the following characteristics are fulfilled: (1) The content of the first substance of the sodium element in the first area is 10% -45%, and the content of the first substance in the first area is 10% -25% optionally; (2) The amount of the first substance of the sodium element in the second region is 4% -25%, and optionally 4% -11%.
  4. 4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a direction from the first surface to the second surface in a thickness direction of the first hole transport layer is referred to as a Z1 direction, and an amount of the first substance of the sodium element of the first hole transport layer tends to decrease in the Z1 direction as a whole.
  5. 5. The solar cell of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the first hole transport layer comprises nickel oxide, wherein the mole percent of sodium element in a predetermined region of the first hole transport layer relative to nickel element in the predetermined region is recorded as a first relative concentration of sodium element in the predetermined region, wherein the first relative concentration of sodium element in the first region is greater than the first relative concentration of sodium element in the second region; optionally, the first relative concentration of sodium element of the first hole transport layer is 0.1% -3%; optionally, the first relative concentration of sodium element in the first region is 0.5% -5%; optionally, the first relative concentration of sodium element in the second region is 0.05% -2%.
  6. 6. The solar cell of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the perovskite layer comprises a first perovskite material and a sodium element, wherein the first perovskite material comprises an X1 element, and wherein the X1 element is an element selected from the group consisting of halogen and pseudohalogen; the perovskite layer is provided with a third surface and a fourth surface which are opposite in thickness direction, the third surface faces the first hole transport layer, the fourth surface faces the second electrode, a third region with the thickness of 5-10 nm exists in a region extending from the third surface towards the inside of the perovskite layer and a fourth region with the thickness of 5-10 nm exists in a region extending from the fourth surface towards the inside of the perovskite layer; the mole percentage of the sodium element in the preset area in the perovskite layer relative to the X1 element in the preset area is recorded as the second relative concentration of the sodium element in the preset area; the second relative concentration of sodium element of the third region is greater than the second relative concentration of sodium element of the fourth region; optionally, the X1 element is present in ionic form.
  7. 7. The solar cell of claim 6, wherein one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied: (1) The second relative concentration of the sodium element of the perovskite layer is 0.5% -7%, and optionally 0.5% -5%; (2) The second relative concentration of the sodium element in the third region is 1.5% -11%, and optionally 1.5% -6%; (3) The second relative concentration of the sodium element in the fourth region is 0.3% -3.5%, and optionally 0.3% -2.5%.
  8. 8. The solar cell according to claim 6 or 7, wherein a ratio of an amount of sodium element in a predetermined region of the perovskite layer to a total amount of sodium element in the perovskite layer is defined as a ratio of an amount of sodium element in a second substance in the predetermined region, a direction from the third surface to the fourth surface in a thickness direction of the perovskite layer is defined as a Z2 direction, and the ratio of sodium element in the perovskite layer is defined as a decreasing tendency in the Z2 direction as a whole.
  9. 9. The solar cell of claim 8, wherein one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied: (1) The content of the second substance of the sodium element in the third region is 3% -5%; (2) And the second substance of the sodium element in the fourth region accounts for 0.5% -2.5%.
  10. 10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the average molar volume concentration of sodium element of the perovskite layer is 0.00001mmol/cm 3 ~0.0001mmol/cm 3 .
  11. 11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the sodium element is present in the form of sodium ions.
  12. 12. The solar cell of any one of claims 1-11, further comprising a glass substrate layer disposed on a side of the first electrode remote from the perovskite layer.
  13. 13. The solar cell of claim 12, wherein the glass substrate layer comprises a sodium-containing glass layer and a sodium-resistant layer, the sodium-resistant layer being disposed between the sodium-containing glass layer and the first electrode; Optionally, the sodium blocking layer comprises at least one of graphene, molybdenum sulfide, silicon dioxide, and a metal oxide; Further optionally, the metal oxide includes at least one of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, and molybdenum oxide; further optionally, the sodium blocking layer further comprises a down-conversion material, wherein the down-conversion material comprises at least one of rare earth complexes and inorganic matters.
  14. 14. The solar cell of claim 13, wherein the glass substrate layer further comprises a buffer layer, wherein the buffer layer is disposed on a side of the sodium blocking layer facing the first electrode; optionally, the buffer layer includes at least one of semiconductive metal oxides; Further optionally, the semiconductive metal oxide comprises at least one of tin oxide and indium oxide.
  15. 15. The solar cell of claim 14, wherein one or more of the following characteristics are satisfied: (1) The ratio of the thickness of the buffer layer to the thickness of the sodium-resistant layer is (0.3-3.5): 1; (2) The thickness of the sodium blocking layer is 10 nm-100 nm.
  16. 16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 14 to 15, wherein the solar cell is provided with a first channel region penetrating the first electrode and extending into the glass substrate layer, the depth of the first channel region in the glass substrate layer being smaller than the thickness of the buffer layer.
  17. 17. The solar cell of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the solar cell is a multi-junction solar cell comprising a first cell unit comprising the first hole transport layer and the perovskite layer.
  18. 18. The solar cell of claim 17, further comprising a second cell disposed in a stack with the first cell, wherein the second cell is in communication with the first cell via an interconnect layer or wherein the second cell is separated from the first cell by an insulating layer, wherein the second cell comprises a second light absorbing layer having a different bandgap than the perovskite layer.
  19. 19. The solar cell of claim 17 or 18, wherein the second light absorbing layer in the second cell unit comprises a semiconductor active material comprising one or more of a second perovskite material, a silicon-containing semiconductor material, a copper zinc tin sulfide, a copper zinc tin selenide sulfide, a copper indium gallium selenide, a copper indium gallium diselenide, a copper indium selenide, a cadmium telluride, gallium arsenide, an organic active material.
  20. 20. The solar cell of any one of claims 17-19, wherein the multi-junction solar cell comprises a first electrode, the first hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, an interconnection layer, the second light absorption layer, and the second electrode, wherein the carrier recombination layer or the tunneling layer is located between the perovskite layer and the second light absorption layer, the first electrode is located on a side of the first hole transport layer away from the perovskite layer, and the second electrode is located on a side of the second light absorption layer away from the interconnection layer.

Description

Solar cell, preparation method thereof, photovoltaic module, power utilization device and power generation device Technical Field The application relates to the technical field of solar cells, in particular to a solar cell, a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module, an electric device and a power generation device. Background A solar cell is a type of photoelectric device that converts light energy into electric energy using a photoelectric conversion mechanism. With the development of solar cells, perovskite solar cells have been developed as an emerging photovoltaic technology, and significant progress has been made in terms of photoelectric conversion efficiency, stability, and environmental friendliness in recent years. Perovskite solar cells are devices which convert solar energy into electric energy by utilizing a photoelectric conversion mechanism of perovskite crystal materials, and have great development potential in the photovoltaic field by virtue of the advantages of high photoelectric conversion efficiency, excellent material characteristics, simple preparation process, low cost, flexibility, light weight and the like. But the photoelectric conversion efficiency thereof still needs to be further improved. Disclosure of Invention In view of the above, the present application provides a solar cell having improved photoelectric conversion efficiency, a method of manufacturing the same, and an electric device and a power generation device. In a first aspect, the present application provides a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a first hole transport layer, a perovskite layer and a second electrode, the first hole transport layer and the perovskite layer being arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode in layers, the empty first hole transport layer being located between the first electrode and the perovskite layer; The first hole transport layer includes a sodium element; The first hole transport layer is provided with a first surface and a second surface which are opposite in the thickness direction, the first surface faces the perovskite layer, the second surface faces the first electrode, a first region with the thickness of 1-3 nm exists in a region extending from the first surface towards the inside of the first hole transport layer in the thickness direction, and a second region with the thickness of 1-3 nm exists in a region extending from the second surface towards the inside of the first hole transport layer in the thickness direction, and the first region is positioned between the first surface and the second region; The ratio of the amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer to the total amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer is defined as the ratio of the amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer to the first amount of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer. By introducing sodium element into the first hole transport layer, the conductivity of the first hole transport layer can be improved, the transport of carriers is facilitated, the non-radiative recombination is reduced, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved. Further, hole carriers are mainly accumulated near the first surface of the first hole transport layer, so that the amount of the first substance of the sodium element in the first region is adjusted to be larger than that of the sodium element in the second region, conductivity of the first region and conductivity of the second region can be improved simultaneously, the conductivity improvement degree of the first region is enabled to be larger, and the hole carriers accumulated at the interface are extracted and transmitted to the first electrode in time, so that photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is improved. In some embodiments, the first hole transport layer has an average molar volume concentration of sodium element of 0.0001mmol/cm 3~0.002mmol/cm3, optionally 0.0001mmol/cm 3~0.001mmol/cm3. Sodium element is introduced into the first hole transport layer, so that the conductivity of the first hole transport layer can be improved, the transport of carriers is facilitated, non-radiative recombination is reduced, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved. The content of the sodium element in the first hole transport layer is controlled within the range, so that excessive sodium element entering the perovskite layer can be regulated and prevented from interfering with perovskite lattices, the crystal of the perovskite layer is slowed down to be converted into a non-photoactive phase, and the stability of the solar cell is improved, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency and the long-term operation life of the solar cell are improved. In some embodiments, one or more of the following features are satisfied: (1) The content of the first substance of the sodium element in the first area is