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RU-2861425-C1 - FORESTRY METHOD

RU2861425C1RU 2861425 C1RU2861425 C1RU 2861425C1RU-2861425-C1

Abstract

FIELD: forestry. SUBSTANCE: method includes growing and restructuring complex deciduous-coniferous forest stands into target coniferous and coniferous-deciduous stands by cutting down in one to three steps the middle-aged, maturing stands of deciduous species of the first layer, the upper canopy in stands with an immature generation of shade-tolerant, relatively slow-growing coniferous species - spruce, fir, cedar, Siberian pine, Korean pine, slightly suppressed, maintaining the viability of light-coniferous species - Scots pine, releasing them from under the canopy with possible additional growing of some of the best trees of the cut stand, as well as leaving small-diameter deciduous trees. Under conditions of intensive management and forest use, during the period of growing one generation of coniferous species, on the same site, in combination with it, growing - cutting down not only one, but also two or three generations of soft-leaved species in the presence of them under the canopy, as well as establishing, simultaneously with deciduous or after their regeneration, a young generation of spruce, fir, cedar of natural, artificial, combined origin. Maintaining the canopy density, completeness of successive generations of deciduous stands at 0.7-0.6-0.5, respectively. At each restructuring cutting, leaving stumps of a target height, forming and maintaining an optimal under-canopy space for the growth of coniferous species. Calculating using formulas the division of deciduous young stands with coniferous regeneration into types of one-to-three-fold growing-restructuring and the age of deciduous without undergrowth, at which coniferous species are introduced under the canopy and also converted into deciduous-coniferous stands, which are grown in an intensive mode, and after the final - first, second, third restructuring cutting, the coniferous, coniferous-deciduous stands are grown in the first layer for a projected period of time up to the cutting age. EFFECT: balanced combination of obtaining maximum average growth of stands, target timber assortments, overall wood mass, biomass and carbon sequestration volume, carbon conservation on the site. 20 cl, 3 dwg, 4 ex

Inventors

  • ZHELDAK VLADIMIR IVANOVICH
  • Doroshchenkova Elvira Valerevna
  • Zhivaev Evgenij Evgenevich

Dates

Publication Date
20260505
Application Date
20250115

Claims (20)

  1. 1. A method of forestry that includes the cultivation and re-formation of complex deciduous-coniferous forest stands into target coniferous and coniferous-deciduous by cutting down, in one to three stages, middle-aged, maturing stands of deciduous species of the first tier, the upper canopy in stands with an immature generation of shade-tolerant, relatively slow-growing conifers - spruce, fir, cedar, Siberian pine, Korean pine, slightly oppressed, retaining the viability of light conifers - Scots pine, releasing them from under the canopy with the possible further growth of some of the best trees of the felled stand, as well as leaving small-sized trees of deciduous species, characterized in that under conditions of intensive management and forest use, during the period of growing one generation of conifers, on the same site in combination with it, growing - cutting down not only one, but also two or three generations of softwood deciduous trees if they are present under the canopy, as well as the establishment simultaneously with deciduous trees or after their renewal of the young generation of spruce, fir, cedar of natural, artificial, combined origin, maintain the density, the completeness of the next generations of deciduous tree stands, respectively, 0.7-0.6-0.5, with each reformation felling, stumps of the target height are left, an optimal sub-canopy space is formed and maintained for the growth of conifers, the division of young deciduous trees with the renewal of conifers by types of one- to three-fold growing-reformation and the age of deciduous trees without undergrowth is calculated using formulas, during which conifers are introduced under the canopy and also transformed into deciduous-coniferous trees, which are grown in an intensive mode, and after the final - first, second, third reformation felling, conifers, coniferous-deciduous trees are grown in the first tier during the designed period of time until the age of felling.
  2. 2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that, taking into account the biological properties of deciduous trees, their felling in each reformation felling is carried out in the spring-summer period - stands with root-suckering renewal of aspen, in the autumn-winter - with coppice renewal of birch, stumps of the target height of 7-10 cm are left, shading undergrowth and unpromising old, wide-crowned damaged specimens of coniferous species, small-sized trees of deciduous species are cut down.
  3. 3. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the duration of the periods - stages, cycles of growing deciduous stands in deciduous-coniferous plantations of one-, two-, three-stage growing-reforming is established when releasing the coniferous generation at the stage of middle-aged - the beginning of maturing - III-IV class of age of coverage from under the canopy in the final cutting of reforming, excluding the loss of its viability and productivity potential, in the variants of two-, three-fold growing-reforming of deciduous-coniferous plantations, both the same and, in combination, different durations of cycles, periods of growing deciduous stands are established: short-cycle up to 20-25 years, medium-cycle 30-40 years, long-cycle 50-60 years and more, while long-cycle periods of growing deciduous stands are established only at the final stage of one-, two-, three-stage cultivation and reformation of deciduous and coniferous plantations.
  4. 4. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the initial fund of objects of “one- to three-fold cultivation-reformation” is created from areas with naturally formed deciduous-coniferous plantations after felling, loss of tree stands due to fires, pathology, forming naturally in connection with the patterns of the dynamics of forest ecosystems in the native forest types of spruce, fir, cedar, as well as areas in which the formation of such plantations is ensured by measures to promote reforestation by mineralization of the soil surface, its loosening in the presence of seeding sources, sowing seeds, planting forest crops of only coniferous species in the case of natural regeneration of deciduous trees, or deciduous trees in the case of natural regeneration of conifers, or coniferous and deciduous trees in the case of unguaranteed natural regeneration.
  5. 5. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that in areas where there is a part of large undergrowth trees, the second tier, which do not form the target forest stand when directly released from under the canopy, with the participation of 3-4 units or more conifers, and by the end of the first, second, third felling of reforming losing the prospects for growing at the final stage in the coniferous forest stand, they are cut down accordingly in the first, second, third felling of reforming together with deciduous trees, thereby increasing the volume of harvested wood, biomass, creating favorable conditions for additional renewal and improvement of the growth of deciduous trees and promising coniferous species by measures of local assistance to reforestation, increasing the density of the forest stand of the second, third stages of growing deciduous trees and, accordingly, the stock of wood obtained in the first, second, third felling according to the reforming options, and also increasing the number of renewing and maintaining the viability of young coniferous trees, promising for cultivation, including after the final cutting of the reformation.
  6. 6. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the preliminary determination, selection among deciduous stands of natural origin of the first-second age classes of young stands - objects of "growing-reforming deciduous-coniferous stands with one-, two-, three-fold reformation into coniferous and coniferous-deciduous" is carried out depending on the ratio of the terms of renewal of conifers with deciduous, with simultaneous - within 1-5 years or ahead, preliminary renewal of coniferous species, the areas are classified as objects with a single reformation, with subsequent - after deciduous, within one or two age classes - up to 20 years and more, to objects with two-, three-fold reformation, while the indicators of the preliminary division of deciduous young stands with the renewal of conifers by types of "growing-reformation" are determined by the formula
  7. Where indicator - the total number of target age periods for the possible growth of deciduous trees in deciduous-coniferous stands up to the maximum age of conifers at which their mandatory release from under the canopy is necessary at the end of the period of middle age - the beginning of maturing;
  8. the maximum age of conifers at which their final release from under the canopy of deciduous trees is necessary for further growth after the end of the period of middle age - the beginning of maturation;
  9. the age of deciduous trees at which coniferous renewal occurs, preliminary, simultaneous with deciduous, subsequent to deciduous;
  10. the target age for growing deciduous tree stands in a deciduous-coniferous forest, covering the age period of maximum average growth and obtaining target assortments.
  11. 7. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that immediately before the first reformation felling, it is determined and clarified whether the areas belong to objects with one-, two-, three-fold growing-reforming by the height and condition of conifers, while deciduous-coniferous plantations with viable trees of large undergrowth, the second tier of all coniferous species are classified as objects of one-time reformation, in the presence of undergrowth of the height category of small and medium low density - less than 0.8, unevenly distributed over the area in groups with available free sites - 30% or more of the total area and the potential for repeated renewal of deciduous trees after felling and the formation of productive deciduous trees of the first, second, third short-cycle viable vegetative generation - in the fund of objects with two-, three-fold growing-reforming, while before carrying out the second reformation felling, the areas on which it is carried out as the final reformation felling are finally included, with undergrowth of the high-altitude group of large and second-tier trees, and in areas with viable undergrowth, classified as medium and small, deciduous and coniferous plantations are grown until the third reformation felling.
  12. 8. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that at the first-second-third stages of forest cultivation of stands, generations of deciduous species, a density of 0.7-0.6-0.5 is formed, respectively, with optimally intensive growth, an increase in deciduous trees, satisfactory growth of conifers under the canopy and the formation, after the final felling, of the reformation of productive coniferous, coniferous-deciduous stands, which are further grown in optimal canopy closure - 0.7, with additional subsequent renewal of deciduous trees.
  13. 9. The method according to paragraph 8, characterized in that when releasing the coniferous generation from under the canopy in intermediate fellings of two- or three-fold reformation in conditions with wet soils, instead of a single-step felling, a two-step reformation felling is carried out, consisting of the first preliminary step with an intensity of up to 20% of the reserve due to the felling of small deciduous trees, shrubs and individual large broad-crowned trees in general around the conifers, as well as the second main step of complete felling of the deciduous stand with measures to promote the targeted regeneration of deciduous trees, including the choice of the felling season, leaving stumps of the target height, and cutting down the undergrowth.
  14. 10. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that during the natural regeneration of conifers and their introduction into the plantation, a subcanopy space with favorable conditions for conifers is created and, during subsequent cultivation, maintained by thinning the deciduous stand, ensuring their intensive growth, additional growth, maintaining the transparency of the canopy, “raised” above the conifers, by removing small, stunted trees of the stand, understory species, lower branches of the grown deciduous trees that shade the conifers and interfere with their growth.
  15. 11. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that in the variant of “two- or three-fold cultivation-reformation of deciduous-coniferous plantations” with natural renewal of deciduous species and an insufficient number of conifers, an additional number of silvicultural plants of these species are introduced under the canopy of deciduous trees, while a permanent technological network of corridors of narrow apiary technology is first created and in the formed technological strips, between the corridors, in places where there is no undergrowth, areas are cleared between the trees of the deciduous trees being grown and seedlings of the target coniferous species are planted.
  16. 12. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that during the targeted cultivation of deciduous-coniferous plantations with one-, two-, three-fold reformation of them on sites - in the absence or unguaranteed emergence of natural regeneration of conifers, deciduous trees, all species - forest cultures are respectively established, in addition to the natural regeneration of conifers, deciduous trees, as well as complete cultures of mixed composition of deciduous trees - birch, aspen, willow, poplars and conifers, simultaneously counting on the cycle of forest reproduction with a single reformation upon completion of the period of maximum average growth and obtaining the target assortments, and in the case of targeted cultivation - with two-, three-fold reformation, conifers are planted after deciduous trees.
  17. 13. The method according to paragraph 12, characterized in that the age of deciduous trees (A Lst ), at which forest plantations of conifers - Xv - spruce, fir, cedar - are introduced into the stand under their canopy (Bd) , is determined based on the maximum age of conifers, up to which they can be grown in favorable conditions under a deciduous canopy, maintaining viability and productivity potential, until the age of final re-formation felling respectively, one first second - third - and the duration of deciduous growth, covering the age period of maximum average growth of stands, obtaining target timber assortments - in the variant of one-time cultivation and reformation of deciduous-coniferous planting in the variant of double cultivation-reformation of deciduous-coniferous planting in the variant of three-fold cultivation-reformation of deciduous-coniferous planting and in general terms where the coefficient K=1, 2, 3, is established accordingly for one-, two-, three-fold cultivation-reformation of deciduous-coniferous plantations.
  18. 14. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that linear, linear-apiary, narrow-apiary, medium-apiary technologies are used with a sequential, interconnected combination of them at different stages of forest cultivation - at the first - planting, creating plantings, caring for young trees - linear and linear-apiary technologies, with cutting down trees in rows, narrow strips, and from the thinning stage - narrow-apiary and medium-apiary technologies.
  19. 15. The method according to paragraph 14, characterized in that in the variant of high-intensity one-, two-, three-fold cultivation-reformation of deciduous-coniferous carbon-sequestering plantations with different-time planting of deciduous and coniferous plants, dense forest plantations of deciduous trees - aspen, birch with row spacings of 2.5-3.0 m and 0.5-0.7 m in rows are first established, and after a period of one or two age classes, corridors are laid in highly closed young growth with highly raised crowns and coniferous crops are planted in them, while taking into account the designed technology of cultivation and thinning - linear and linear-apiary - every second row of deciduous trees is cut down, with care in the preserved rows and row spacings, and a row of conifers is planted in place of the cut deciduous trees, and with the subsequent use of linear cutting technology Its reformation is carried out by single-step felling of trees in rows of deciduous species with the delivery of assortments prepared on site, in the variant with the transition to narrow-apiary technology at the stage of completing clearings, first thinnings, technological corridors are cut across the rows of forest crops and all care, the reformation of plantations is carried out according to narrow-apiary, medium-apiary technology with the delivery of assortments.
  20. 16. The method according to paragraph 15, characterized in that in the variant of “two-, three-fold growing-reforming of deciduous-coniferous plantations” using linear and linear-apiary technologies, in the first, and in the case of three-fold reforming also in the second reforming felling, birch trees and species with coppice vegetative renewal are cut not at the level of the soil surface, as in typical technological corridors, but leaving stumps 7-10 cm high and ensuring their preservation without damage when “saddled” by machines delivering assortments, as well as by using the inter-row space as a technological corridor with the passage of machines along the preserved stumps, when delivering assortments in a submerged position, excluding skidding.

Description

The invention relates to intensive forestry, specifically to the cultivation of coniferous forest stands with the simultaneous renewal, cultivation, and use of one, two, or three generations of softwood stands on the same site. These stands are sequentially felled upon reaching the age of maximum average growth, certain tree parameters, and the accumulation of timber reserves, including during the implementation of climate projects at carbon sites. This ensures a balanced combination of achieving maximum average growth in stands, target wood assortments, overall wood pulp, biomass, and carbon sequestration volumes on the site. It is intended for the cultivation and transformation of non-target coniferous forests in the conditions of primary coniferous forests, as well as in areas of non-forest lands, plantations with secondary stands of soft-leaved species of aspen, birch, willow, poplar and undergrowth, natural and artificial renewal of spruce, fir, cedar (Siberian pine, Korean pine) in the corresponding zonal-typological forest growth conditions, into valuable target conifers in the mode of intensive forest cultivation - forest management in areas of high demand for wood raw materials of various species, including pulp and paper mills, as well as the production of bioenergy products that replace fossil hydrocarbons, thereby ensuring a reduction in the volume of their extraction and additional carbon emissions into the atmosphere, disrupting its existing gas balance. In the current practice of forestry and regulatory framework for silvicultural measures, the cultivation of stands of slow-growing, relatively shade-tolerant coniferous species is carried out through repeated tending to their natural renewal, forest crops when caring for young trees during the first age class, as well as the reformation of deciduous-coniferous stands by carrying out one-, two-, and less often three-stage felling of the reformation of middle-aged, maturing stands with a recurrence period of 4-8 years on average - complete cutting of one stand, a generation of deciduous species and subsequent cultivation from the trees released from under the canopy of undergrowth and the second tier - up to the third - first half of the fourth age class of coniferous, coniferous-deciduous stands in the adopted system of care for them [1, 2, 4, 8]. Moreover, variants of reshaping deciduous-coniferous plantations are also known from literary sources of information and fund developments, according to which, in order to improve the conditions of adaptation of coniferous undergrowth to sharply changing conditions during felling of deciduous stands, some small, undersized trees that have lagged in growth are left, which then gradually "go" to the litter, those that interfere with conifers are removed in the order of their care, and some are retained as an admixture in the formed coniferous stand [2, 4, 5]. In order to grow thick-sized trees for obtaining valuable large-sized assortments for plywood production, an variant of reshaping forest stands with coniferous undergrowth has also been developed, in which the last method of double-receipt reshaping felling is carried out after a period of up to 20 years after the first, and during this time the remaining part of the best trees is grown to the target parameters - sizes by diameter [4, 5]. To account for differences in zonal conditions and stand growth rates, a method for renewing and reforming stands with varying thinning intensities and durations of the recurrence period for the corresponding types of thinning has been proposed [6]. This method allows for the clarification of zonal standards for regulating re-forming felling, as contained in the Forest Management Rules, without altering their essence, the main characteristic of succession—the felling of one generation of deciduous species. The proposed method for transforming derivative softwood deciduous stands into dark coniferous [7] includes a cycle of fellings carried out in deciduous stands with undergrowth and a second tier of conifers, ensuring the gradual transformation of these stands (one generation of deciduous tree layer and with the participation of up to 3 conifers) into conifers with the determination of the optimal timing of the first thinning felling in the cycle. This method contains a specific approach, a formula for calculating the determination of the first felling of small-leaved species in one cycle of growing deciduous trees along with conifers and an adjustment in connection with this in general of the gradual transformation regime, essentially the re-formation of deciduous-coniferous stands into conifers, which can be used to clarify certain options for felling regimes contained in the Rules for forest care and partial timber harvesting without changing their essential feature of change - the felling of one generation of deciduous species. All existing methods, in accordance with their objectives, methods, and forest man