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US-12617762-B2 - Carboxy derivatives with antiinflamatory properties

US12617762B2US 12617762 B2US12617762 B2US 12617762B2US-12617762-B2

Abstract

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) and to their use in treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response: (I) wherein, R A1 , R A2 , R C and R D are as defined herein.

Inventors

  • Michael Liam COOKE
  • David Cousin
  • Matthew Colin Thor Fyfe
  • Thomas Michael WAUGH
  • Saleh Ahmed
  • Alessio DE SIMONE
  • Barry John Teobald

Assignees

  • SITRYX THERAPEUTICS LIMITED

Dates

Publication Date
20260505
Application Date
20201223
Priority Date
20191223

Claims (20)

  1. 1 . A compound of formula (I): wherein, represents a 5 membered heteroaryl ring, which in addition to the C═N shown contains one or more further heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; or represents a 6 membered heteroaryl ring, which in addition to the C═N shown optionally contains one or more further N atoms; R A1 is (CH 2 ) 0-2 -phenyl; wherein R A1 is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1 -6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, OG 1 , S(O) 0-2 G 1 , SF 5 , (CH 2 ) 0-3 C 3 -7 cycloalkyl and 5-7-membered heterocyclyl wherein said C 3-7 cycloalkyl and said 5-7-membered heterocyclyl are optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-3 haloalkyl; wherein two alkyl groups which are attached to the same carbon atom are optionally joined to form a C 3-7 cycloalkyl ring; wherein the C 3-10 cycloalkyl group is optionally fused to a phenyl ring which phenyl ring is optionally substituted by one or more halo atoms; or R A1 is optionally substituted by one phenyl ring which is optionally substituted by C 1-2 haloalkyl, C 1-2 haloalkoxy or one or more halo atoms; wherein G 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, or (CH 2 ) 0-1 phenyl wherein G 1 is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-2 alkyl, C 1-2 haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C 1-2 alkoxy and C 1-2 haloalkoxy; R A2 is selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, NR 1 R 2 , OG 2 and S(O) 0-2 G 2 ; wherein G 2 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl, C 1-6 haloalkyl, or phenyl which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C 1-2 alkyl, C 1-2 haloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, C 1-2 alkoxy and C 1-2 haloalkoxy; and wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H or C 1-2 alkyl or, taken together, R 1 and R 2 may combine to form a 5-7-membered heterocyclic ring; or R A2 is absent; and R C and R D are each independently H, C 1-2 alkyl, hydroxy, fluoro or C 1-2 alkoxy; or R C and R D may join to form a C 3-5 cycloalkyl ring; and wherein the total number of carbon atoms in groups R A1 and R A2 taken together including their optional substituents is 6-14; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof.
  2. 2 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 1 , wherein represents an oxadiazole.
  3. 3 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R A1 is substituted by one OG 1 group.
  4. 4 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 3 , wherein G 1 is C 1-6 alkyl.
  5. 5 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 1 , wherein R A2 is absent, wherein R C is H and wherein R D is H.
  6. 6 . The compound according to claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of: 2-((3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-chlorophenethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(tert-butyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4′-chloro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-pentylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-chlorophenyl) cyclobutyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-pentylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-butylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(2-(4-chlorophenyl) propan-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-(4-chlorophenyl) propyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-propylphenethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-ethylphenethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1-(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxybenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-neopentylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-propylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1,1-difluoropropyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1-propylcyclopropyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4-chlorophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(5,5,5-trifluoropentyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(2-cyclopropylethyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-(pentafluoro-λ 6 -sulfaneyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1,1-difluoropentyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-butoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-((4-chlorophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-((4-bromophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-((4-chlorophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4-bromophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4-butylphenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(difluoro(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1,1-difluoropentyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(difluoro(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-(4-butylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-(difluoro(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1,1-difluorobutyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((4-(4-butylphenyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((5-butyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-cyclobutoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-cyclopentylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-cyclopropoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-cyclopentylphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-iodophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-bromophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-iodophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(difluoro(4-iodophenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(pentafluoro-λ 6 -sulfaneyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(pentafluoro-λ 6 -sulfaneyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2,2-((3-(difluoro(4-(pentafluoro-λ 6 -sulfaneyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2,2-((3-(difluoro(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((4-(4-butylbenzyl)oxazol-2-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-cyclobutylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxy-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-chloro-4-propoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-cyclobutylphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-bromo-3-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(1-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-cyclobutoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-cyclopentyloxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; (R)-2-((3-(4-(sec-butoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; (S)-2-((3-(4-(sec-butoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(1-propylcyclopropyl)benzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-propoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4-chlorophenyl) fluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-((4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)difluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(difluoro(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-(1-(3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)cyclopropyl)acrylic acid; 3-methyl-2-methylene-3-(3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)butanoic acid; 2-((3-(1-(4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-(3-methoxypropoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxy-3-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-butoxy-3,5-difluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-((3-(3-chloro-4-methylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; 2-(1-(3-(difluoro(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)cyclopropyl)acrylic acid; 2-methylene-3-(3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)butanoic acid; 2-((6-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl) pyridin-2-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; and 2-((3-(1-(4-bromo-3,5-dichlorophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate of any one thereof.
  7. 7 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 1 and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or carriers.
  8. 8 . A method of treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or a disease associated with an undesirable immune response, which comprises administering a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 1 .
  9. 9 . The method according to claim 8 , wherein the inflammatory disease or disease associated with an undesirable immune response is, or is associated with, a disease selected from the group consisting of: psoriasis (including chronic plaque, erythrodermic, pustular, guttate, inverse and nail variants), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema), heart failure (including left ventricular failure), myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, other atherosclerosis and/or atherothrombosis-related disorders (including peripheral vascular disease and ischaemic stroke), a mitochondrial and neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune paraneoplastic retinopathy, transplantation rejection (including antibody-mediated and T cell-mediated forms), multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, an ischaemia-reperfusion injury, AGE-induced genome damage, an inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a PSC-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), rheumatica, granuloma annulare, cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, a drug-induced lupus, autoimmune myocarditis or myopericarditis, Dressler's syndrome, giant cell myocarditis, post-pericardiotomy syndrome, drug-induced hypersensitivity syndromes (including hypersensitivity myocarditis), eczema, sarcoidosis, erythema nodosum, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) antibody-associated disorders (including MOG-EM), optic neuritis, CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids), diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis, Addison's disease, alopecia areata, ankylosing spondylitis, other spondyloarthritides (including peripheral spondyloarthritis, that is associated with psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, reactive arthritis or juvenile onset forms), antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anaemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, pemphigoid (including bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, herpes gestationis or pemphigoid gestationis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid), linear IgA disease, Behçet's disease, celiac disease, Chagas disease, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus type I, endometriosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome and its subtypes (including acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, AIDP, acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant, Miller-Fisher variant and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis), progressive inflammatory neuropathy, Hashimoto's disease, hidradenitis suppurativa, inclusion body myositis, necrotising myopathy, Kawasaki disease, IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), Evans' syndrome, interstitial cystitis, mixed connective tissue disease, undifferentiated connective tissue disease, morphea, myasthenia gravis (including MuSK antibody positive and seronegative variants), narcolepsy, neuromyotonia, pemphigus vulgaris, pernicious anaemia, psoriatic arthritis, polymyositis, primary biliary cholangitis (also known as primary biliary cirrhosis), rheumatoid arthritis, palindromic rheumatism, schizophrenia, autoimmune (meningo-) encephalitis syndromes, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, stiff person syndrome, polymylagia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis), Takayasu arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, granulomatosis with polyangitis (GPA; formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA; formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome), microscopic polyarteritis/polyangiitis, hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), vasculitis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, vitiligo, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, adrenoleukodystrophy, Alexander's disease, Alper's disease, balo concentric sclerosis or Marburg disease, cryptogenic organising pneumonia (formerly known as bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia), Canavan disease, central nervous system vasculitic syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), diabetic retinopathy, globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (including acute and chronic forms, as well as intestinal GVHD), hepatitis C (HCV) infection or complication, herpes simplex viral infection or complication, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or complication, lichen planus, monomelic amyotrophy, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, including idiopathic PAH), lung sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, paediatric asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dry eye, xerophthalmia, glaucoma, macular oedema, diabetic macular oedema, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), macular degeneration (including dry and/or wet age related macular degeneration, AMD), post-operative cataract inflammation, uveitis (including posterior, anterior, intermediate and pan uveitis), iridocyclitis, scleritis, corneal graft and limbal cell transplant rejection, gluten sensitive enteropathy (coeliac disease), dermatitis herpetiformis, eosinophilic esophagitis, achalasia, autoimmune dysautonomia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, autoimmune oophoritis, autoimmune orchitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, aortitis and periaortitis, autoimmune retinopathy, autoimmune urticaria, Behcet's disease, (idiopathic) Castleman's disease, Cogan's syndrome, IgG4-related disease, retroperitoneal fibrosis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis including systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Still's disease), adult-onset Still's disease, ligneous conjunctivitis, Mooren's ulcer, pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA, also known as Mucha-Habermann disease), multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) (including paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS)), paraneoplastic syndromes (including paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, Lambert-Eaton myaesthenic syndrome, limbic encephalitis, brainstem encephalitis, opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, thymoma-associated multiorgan autoimmunity), perivenous encephalomyelitis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, relapsing polychondritis, sperm & testicular autoimmunity, Susac's syndrome, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease, anti-synthetase syndrome, autoimmune enteropathy, immune dysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked (IPEX), microscopic colitis, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome (APEX), gout, pseudogout, an amyloid disease (including AA or secondary amyloidosis), eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome) progesterone hypersensitivity (including progesterone dermatitis), familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS), hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D with periodic fever syndrome (HIDS), a PAPA (pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, severe cystic acne) syndrome, deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA), deficiency of the interleukin-36-receptor antagonist (DITRA), cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) (including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome [FCAS], Muckle-Wells syndrome, neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease [NOMID]), NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory disorders (NLRP12AD), periodic fever aphthous stomatitis (PFAPA), chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE), Majeed syndrome, Blau syndrome (also known as juvenile systemic granulomatosis), macrophage activation syndrome, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, mutant adenosine deaminase 2 and monogenic interferonopathies (including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, spondyloenchondrodysplasia, STING [stimulator of interferon genes]-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy, proteasome associated autoinflammatory syndromes, familial chilblain lupus, dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria), Schnitzler syndrome, familial cylindromatosis, congenital B cell lymphocytosis, OTULIN-related autoinflammatory syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome (including obesity-associated inflammation), atherosclerotic disorders, and renal inflammatory disorders.
  10. 10 . The method according to claim 8 , for use in combination with a further therapeutic agent, selected from the group consisting of a corticosteroid (glucocorticoid), retinoid, anthralin, vitamin D analogue, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy or photochemotherapy or other form of ultraviolet light irradiation therapy, cyclosporine, a thiopurine, methotrexate, an anti-TNFα agent, a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, an anti-IL-17 agent, an anti-IL12/IL-23 agent, an anti-IL-23 agent, a JAK (Janus Kinase) inhibitor, plasma exchange, intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), cyclophosphamide, an anti-CD20 B cell depleting agent, an anthracycline analogue, cladribine, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator or a sphingosine analogue, an interferon beta preparation (including interferon beta 1b/la), glatiramer, an anti-CD3 therapy, an anti-CD52 targeting agent, leflunomide, teriflunomide, gold compound, laquinimod, a potassium channel blocker, mycophenolic acid, mycophenolate mofetil, a purine analogue, a mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway inhibitor, anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), an IL-2 receptor (CD25) inhibitor, an anti-IL-6 receptor or an anti-IL-6 agent, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, ursodeoxycholic acid, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, a B cell activating factor (BAFF, also known as BLyS, B lymphocyte stimulator) inhibitor, other B cell targeted therapy including a fusion protein targeting both APRIL (A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand) and BLyS, a PI3K inhibitor including pan-inhibitor or one targeting the p1108 and/or p110γ containing isoforms, an interferon α receptor inhibitor, a T cell co-stimulation blocker, thalidomide and its derivatives, dapsone, clofazimine, a leukotriene antagonist, theophylline, an anti-IgE therapy, an anti-IL-5 agent, a long-acting muscarinic agent, a PDE4 inhibitor, riluzole, a free radical scavenger, a proteasome inhibitor, a complement cascade inhibitor including one directed against C5, immunoadsor, antithymocyte globulin, 5-aminosalicylates and their derivatives, an anti-integrin agent including one targeting α4β1 and/or α4β7 integrins, an anti-CD11-α agent, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) including a salicylate, a propionic acid, an acetic acid, an oxicam a fenamate, a selective or relatively selective COX-2 inhibitor, colchicine, an IL-4 receptor inhibitor, topical/contact immunotherapy, an anti-IL-1 receptor therapy, an IL-1B inhibitor, an IL-1 neutralising therapy, chlorambucil, a specific antibiotic with immunomodulatory properties and/or ability to modulate NRF2, anti-androgenic therapy, pentoxifylline, ursodeoxycholic acid, obeticholic acid, fibrate, a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator, a VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitor, pirfenidone or mizoribine.
  11. 11 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 2 , wherein is 1,2,4-oxadiazole.
  12. 12 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is 2-((3-(4-butylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  13. 13 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 2-((3-(4-butylbenzyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic.
  14. 14 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is 2-((3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  15. 15 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 2-((3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  16. 16 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is 2-((3-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  17. 17 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 2-((3-(4-butoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  18. 18 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is 2-((3-(1-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.
  19. 19 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 2-((3-(1-(4-((trifluoromethyl)thio)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic.
  20. 20 . The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof according to claim 6 , which is 2-((3-(1-(4-(pentafluoro-λ 6 -sulfaneyl)phenyl)cyclopropyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)acrylic acid.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/GB2020/053357 filed Dec. 23, 2020, which claims priority to and benefit of European Application Nos. 19219531.1 filed Dec. 23, 2019, 20162545.6 filed Mar. 11, 2020, 20189623.0 filed Aug. 5, 2020, and 20205768.3 filed Nov. 4, 2020, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds for use in treating or preventing inflammatory diseases or diseases associated with an undesirable immune response, and to related compositions, methods, uses and intermediate compounds. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, uveitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent a significant burden to society because of life-long debilitating illness, increased mortality and high costs for therapy and care (Straub R. H. and Schradin C., 2016). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widespread medicines employed for treating inflammatory disorders, but these agents do not prevent the progression of the inflammation and only treat the accompanying symptoms. Glucocorticoids are powerful anti-inflammatory agents, making them emergency treatments for acute inflammatory flares, but given longer term these medicines give rise to a plethora of unwanted side-effects and may also be subject to resistance (Straub R. H. and Cutolo M., 2016). Thus, considerable unmet medical need still exists for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and extensive efforts to discover new medicines to alleviate the burden of these diseases is ongoing (Hanke T. et al., 2016). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a diester of the citric acid cycle (CAC) intermediate fumaric acid, is utilised as an oral therapy for treating psoriasis (Brück J. et al., 2018) and multiple sclerosis (Mills E. A. et al., 2018). Importantly, following oral administration, none of this agent is detected in 35 plasma (Dibbert S. et al., 2013), the only drug-related compounds observed being the hydrolysis product monomethyl fumarate (MMF) and glutathione (GSH) conjugates of both the parent (DMF) and metabolite (MMF). DMF's mechanism of action is complex and controversial. This compound's efficacy has been attributed to a multiplicity of different phenomena involving covalent modification of proteins and the conversion of “prodrug” DMF to MMF. In particular, the following pathways have been highlighted as being of relevance to DMF's anti-inflammatory effects: 1) activation of the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) pathway as a consequence of reaction of the electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ester moiety with nucleophilic cysteine residues on kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) (Brennan M. S. et al., 2015); 2) induction of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), leading to suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 (Müller S. et al., 2017); 3) inactivation of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) through succination of its catalytic cysteine residue with a Michael accepting unsaturated ester (Kornberg M. D. et al., 2018; Angiari S. and O'Neill L. A., 2018); 4) inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-driven cytokine production (Gillard G. O. et al., 2015); 5) prevention of the association of PKCθ with the costimulatory receptor CD28 to reduce the production of IL-2 and block T-cell activation (Blewett M. M. et al., 2016); 6) reaction of the electrophilic α,β-unsaturated ester with the nucleophilic thiol group of anti-oxidant GSH, impacting cellular responses to oxidative stress (Lehmann J. C. U. et al., 2007); 7) agonism of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) by the MMF generated in vivo through DMF hydrolysis (von Glehn F. et al., 2018); 8) allosteric covalent inhibition of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (Andersen J. L. et al., 2018); 9) inhibition of the expression and function of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its target genes, such as IL-8 (Zhao G. et al., 2014); and 10) inhibition of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced M1 and K63 ubiquitin chain formation (McGuire V. A. et al., 2016). In general, with the exception of HCA2 agonism (Tang H. et al., 2008), membrane permeable diester DMF tends to exhibit much more profound biological effects in cells compared to its monoester counterpart MMF. However, the lack of systemic exposure of DMF in vivo has led some researchers to assert that MMF is, in fact, the principal active component following oral DMF administration (Mrowietz U. et al., 2018). As such, it is evident that some of the profound biology exerted by DMF in cells is lost because of hydrolysis in vivo to MMF. Recently, it has been discovered that, during inflammatory macrophage acti