US-12625531-B2 - Measurement-based cooling of quantum systems

Abstract

A technique is provided for cooling generic many-body quantum systems of unknown Hamiltonians to their ground states with a very high fidelity. The technique works by switching on a strong field and applying a sequence of projective measurements and RF pulses to polarize the system along the direction of the external field before we adiabatically switch the field off. The evolution of the system towards its ground state is governed by the quantum adiabatic theorem. We numerically simulate the proposed technique for quantum spin chains with long and short range interactions.

Inventors

• Tarek Ahmed Elsayed

Assignees

• THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO

Dates

Publication Date

20260512

Application Date

20231017

Claims (20)

1. 1 . A method for cooling a many-body quantum system, the method comprising: a) switching on a magnetic field, wherein the many-body quantum system is in the magnetic field; b) applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses to polarize the many-body quantum system along a direction of the magnetic field; and c) adiabatically switching the magnetic field off.
2. 2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the many-body quantum system has fewer than 100 atoms.
3. 3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the many-body quantum system is a nano-sized system.
4. 4 . The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic field alters the energy spectra and eigenstates of the many-body quantum system.
5. 5 . The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic field has a strength substantially larger than a typical interaction strength of nearby magnetic dipoles of atoms of the many-body quantum system.
6. 6 . The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic field has a strength at least one order of magnitude stronger than a typical interaction strength of a bare Hamiltonian (H 0 ) of the many-body quantum system.
7. 7 . The method of claim 1 wherein the magnetic field is less than one Tesla.
8. 8 . The method of claim 1 wherein the projective measurements are spin polarization measurements.
9. 9 . The method of claim 1 wherein the projective measurements are spin polarization measurements of randomly chosen individual particles along the direction of the external field.
10. 10 . The method of claim 1 wherein the RF pulses are applied perpendicular to the magnetic field.
11. 11 . The method of claim 1 wherein the RF pulses have a strength of the same order of magnitude as an interaction strength between particles of the many-body quantum system.
12. 12 . The method of claim 1 wherein the RF pulses have a frequency equal to a few multiples of a typical interaction constant of a bare Hamiltonian (H 0 ) of the many-body quantum system.
13. 13 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises measuring a particle repetitively, separated by periods of unitary evolution under the effect of RF perturbation until the particle has been projected onto a correct direction.
14. 14 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises pausing between two successive measurements of the same spin for a time interval of at least half a cycle of the RF pulse.
15. 15 . The method of claim 1 wherein adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises performing adiabatic depolarization.
16. 16 . The method of claim 1 wherein adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises gradually reducing the field intensity to zero.
17. 17 . The method of claim 1 wherein adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises reducing the field intensity to zero following an exponential decay.
18. 18 . The method of claim 1 wherein adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises decreasing the field such that a rate of change of the field is less than a characteristic time scale of internal dynamics of the many-body quantum system.
19. 19 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises repeatedly polarizing a spin of a selected particle by a projective measurement and allowing the particle to unitarily interact with the many-body quantum system to transfer part of a polarization of the selected particle to the rest of the system, wherein a time interval between successive projective measurements is shorter than a timescale of intrinsic dynamics of the many-body quantum system.
20. 20 . The method of claim 1 wherein applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises using results of measuring individual quantum particles of the many-body quantum system to control perturbation of the quantum system by the RF pulses.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/225,599 filed Jul. 24, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the field of quantum control. More specifically, it relates to measurement-based cooling of quantum systems to near absolute zero. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many technologies require working with quantum systems near absolute zero temperature. There remains a need, however, for efficient and simple techniques that can cool down quantum system that are amenable to measurement with very high fidelity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Herein is disclosed a technique that allows cooling down a small quantum system (i.e., systems of less than 100 atoms), especially in nuclear magnetic resonance applications, to very close to its ground state. This technique, more generally, can be used for cooling generic many-body quantum systems of unknown Hamiltonians to their ground states with a very high fidelity. The technique works by switching on a strong field and applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses to polarize the system along the direction of the external field before we adiabatically switch the field off. The evolution of the system towards its ground state is governed by the quantum adiabatic theorem. We numerically simulate the proposed technique for quantum spin chains with long and short range interactions. Application of this technique include improving resolution of NMR imaging of small samples (nano-sized), and improving the efficiency of quantum sensors which require very low temperature. Examples of such sensors include Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers, Quantum Dots and Hyperpolarized Nanoparticles. In one aspect, the invention provides a method for cooling a many-body quantum system, the method comprising: a) switching on a magnetic field, wherein the many-body quantum system is in the magnetic field; b) applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses to polarize the many-body quantum system along a direction of the magnetic field; and c) adiabatically switching the magnetic field off. In some implementations, the many-body quantum system has fewer than 100 atoms. In some implementations, the many-body quantum system is a nano-sized system. In some implementations, the magnetic field alters the energy spectra and eigenstates of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, the magnetic field has a strength substantially larger than a typical interaction strength of nearby magnetic dipoles of atoms of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, the magnetic field has a strength at least one order of magnitude stronger than a typical interaction strength of a bare Hamiltonian (H0) of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, the magnetic field is less than one Tesla. In some implementations, the projective measurements are spin polarization measurements. In some implementations, the projective measurements are spin polarization measurements of randomly chosen individual particles along the direction of the external field. In some implementations, the RF pulses are applied perpendicular to the magnetic field. In some implementations, the RF pulses have a strength of the same order of magnitude as an interaction strength between particles of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, the RF pulses have a frequency equal to a few multiples of a typical interaction constant of a bare Hamiltonian (H0) of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises measuring a particle repetitively, separated by periods of unitary evolution under the effect of RF perturbation until the particle has been projected onto a correct direction. In some implementations, applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises pausing between two successive measurements of the same spin for a time interval of at least half a cycle of the RF pulse. In some implementations, adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises performing adiabatic depolarization. In some implementations, adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises gradually reducing the field intensity to zero. In some implementations, adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises reducing the field intensity to zero following an exponential decay. In some implementations, adiabatically switching the magnetic field off comprises decreasing the field such that a rate of change of the field is less than a characteristic time scale of internal dynamics of the many-body quantum system. In some implementations, applying a sequence of projective measurements and radiofrequency (RF) pulses comprises repeatedly polarizing a spin of a selected particle by a projective meas